How are opioids classified?

Opioids are primarily classified as narcotic analgesics, which are specifically designed to alleviate moderate to severe pain. Their mechanism of action involves binding to specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which not only helps in reducing the perception of pain but also alters the emotional response to pain.

This classification encompasses both natural opioids derived from the opium poppy, such as morphine and codeine, and synthetic or semi-synthetic opioids like oxycodone and fentanyl. They are used in various clinical settings, particularly for managing acute pain, post-surgical recovery, and in palliative care for chronic pain conditions.

The other classifications mentioned do not pertain to opioids. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, for instance, work differently by reducing inflammation and are not categorized as opioids. Antidepressants can be effective for pain management in certain chronic conditions but fall under a different class of medications. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, also do not include opioids, which are typically available by prescription due to their potential for dependence and need for careful management.